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In my experience, in the southern US and in the midwest states close to them, ma'am is used for every female over the age of eighteen if you don't know them and if you do know them Miss goes in front of their first name (Miss Rue for example). I'm not sure what they say in the east, but in the west, it seems to be "hey you"
I have no idea what you would use in a work situation.
I was taught that you call a lady either miss or ma'am. Miss if they are younger, ma'am if they are older. So for instance, if I approached a youngish woman in a department store it would be, "Excuse me, miss, do you work here?" For me, it used to be anyone under 25 was automatically a "miss" above was a "ma'am" but as I've gotten older I've noticed who I automatically call miss has gotten older.
Men are "sir."
My mother taught me this, so I'm not sure what others in the Northeast part of the US were taught. Actually, on second thought, I was never taught, but this is what my mother does, so I must have picked it up from her. My father calls every female "miss" I think unless they are over the age of 70. I'll have to pay more attention next time.
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